Controversial USA Government Activities-------------------
from: Douglas Walker
apta@discover.net--------------------
A History of Secret U.S. Government ProgramsThe following is a list of this century's most controversial
government activities. It will be updated regularly in order to keep
readers abreast of newly declassified materials:
1931
Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells.
He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare
facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of
radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian
hospital patients.
1932
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with
syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and
instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the
progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die
from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been
treated.
1935
The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from
Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service
finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits
it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a
niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occurred
within poverty-striken black populations.
1940
Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order
to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the
disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American
study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.
1942
Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on
approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945
and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human
guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.
1943
In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S.
begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.
1944
U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing.
Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas
and lewisite.
1945
Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army
intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them
immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top secret
government projects in the United States.
'Program F' is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of
fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb
production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride,
it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous
system but much of the information is squelched in the name of
national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine
full-scale production of atomic bombs.
1946
Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical
experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to
change the word 'experiments' to 'investigations' or 'observations'
whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's
veteran's hospitals.
1947
Colonel E. E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission issues
a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that
the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive
substances to human subjects.
The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by
American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military)
are used with and without their knowledge.
1950
Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in
desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and
mortality rates.
In an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would
be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria
from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are situated
throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many
residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
1951
Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing
bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern
that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.
1953
U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over
Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River
Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to
determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.
Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of
thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the
airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research
program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that
would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the
subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.
1955
The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human
populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn
from the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.
Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its potential
use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than 1,000 Americans
participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.
1956
U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over
Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents
posing as public health officials test victims for effects.
1958
LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's Chemical Warfare
Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
1960
The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes
field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the
European population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of
the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.
1965
Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a
program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through
the use of mind-altering drugs.
1965
Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are
subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent
Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of
cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected
carcinogen all along.
1966
CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological
effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the
New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are
exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria
onto ventilation grates.
1967
CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to
MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and
chemical weapons.
1968
CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by
injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington,
D.C.
1969
Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from
congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic
biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.
1970
Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R.
15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out
by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top
secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that
molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like
retroviruses.
United States intensifies its development of 'ethnic weapons'
(Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and
eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic
differences and variations in DNA.
1975
The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare
Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and
placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) .
It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the
U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also
here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity
exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).
1977
Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239
populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between
1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington,
D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
1978
Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin
in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects
specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
1981
First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los
Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have
been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine
1985
According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a
fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and
evolutionary relationship.
1986
According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences(83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share
all structural elements, except for a small segment which is nearly
identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may
have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural
immunity exists.
A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current
generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally
occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic
engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment
by all existing vaccines.
1987
Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research
and development of biological agents, it continues to operate
research facilities at 127 facilities and universities around the
nation.
1990
More than 1500 six-month old black and hispanic babies in Los Angeles
are given an 'experimental' measles vaccine that had never been
licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that parents
were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their children
was experimental.
1994
With a technique called 'gene tracking', Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD
Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning
Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of
Mycoplasmaincognitus, a microbe commonly used in the production of
biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40
percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been
man-made.
Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at
least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of
thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for
intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included
mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals,
hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War .
1995
U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and
scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries and
immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare
research.
Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents used
during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca
Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of
Corrections.
1996
Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed
to chemical agents.
1997
Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an
investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
From:
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/gov.html
