I was debating evolution on youtube when these questions just popped into my head. So I decided to ask them here.
1) What are the laws of evolution that mutation, speacation, micro-evolution and macro evolution have to follow in order to work. This is not a question on what these things are. But a question on what makes the laws for these things to work within, and why do they have to stay within those laws?
Mutation follows that laws that govern chemical reactions in aquaeous solutions. Changes in the DNA of the seed cells is what causes the next generation to be different than the parent. Those changes can be caused by the statistical recombination of the DNA. Since the splitting of the double helix and its recombination is a chemical reaction, the laws governing chemical reactions would apply.
As for the others: Micro and macro evolution follow the same "rules". Basically, they are changes in the dominant characteristics of individuals withing a population of organisms. If there are evironmental pressures that affect the ability of the individuals in the population to reach the point where they have offspring, those pressures will cause change if the individuals differ in characteristics that are affected by those pressures. The amount of change is determined by the extent to which the pressures act on the population, and the size of the population being affected.
2) How far can a life form evolve?
Life form? Short answer: an individual life form cannot evolve. However, if you mean how far evolution can take life itself....as far as the physical limitations of the life chemistry will allow, but I don't know how far that is.
3) Does evolution have a stopping point?
Evolution doesn't go in a particular direction so populations could evolve away from a particular niche in the web of life and later evolve to exploit that niche again.
4) Does evolution go on forever?
As long as there is life.
5) What happens to a life form when it evolves to it's highest point, reaches a peak and can evolve no more
a) Does it de-evolve?
b) Does it remain the same?
c) Does it die and go extinct??
There is no such thing as a "highest point" since evolution has no particular direction.
6) How can a scientific theory have a claimed process that is unobservable, and never will be observable. Yet maintain the scientific theory status?
Assuming you mean the Theory of Evolution. Partly because evolution is observed in living populations now. Partly because the fossil record indicates that populations of organisms change over time. Partly because the theory accurately predicted the location in the geologic record in which paleontologists would find particular fossils. Partly because the theory of evolution accurately predicted that there is a mechanism of living organisms that is the instrument by which change between individuals can occur (DNA and chromosome mixing).
7) There are several systems in the human body that rely on other systems in order to survive. How did these systems evolve and exist until the other system evolved to help it?
Perhaps this is too general of a question or is better left to a thread of its own. Then I could ask you to provide examples and we could discuss them one at a time.
Note: Co-evolution (things evolving in the same amount of time) does not work because no part of the human body has the same complexity. The more complex a system or organ is, the more mutations are required to complete the evolution process of this.
Depends on what you mean by coevolution.
a) Which came first and why? The eye, or the vision center of the brain?
The ability to sense and react to the surrounding environment.
Light sensitive cells.
Nerve cells
Central Nervous system
Eye pouches
Liquid filled Enclosed Eye pouches
Light reactive "pupil" (this may have formed before the enclosed eye pouches)
Brain
Lens
Differentiated areas of the brain.
Why? Because each one of those changes gave a selective advantage to those creatures that had it over those of the same type/kind/species that did not have it in that particular environment.
[/quote]b) Which came first and why? Blood, veins, or the heart?
Blood, then blood vessels that functioned to move the blood, then a specialized blood vessel that function as a central pump. Why?...same as above.
8) The heart is a very complicated organ. This organ has a very special type muscle that never gets tired of pumping blood until you are at lifes end (barring any disease). So how did this muscle evolve, and how did natural selection select it when not one offspring would have survived more than a day without such a muscle?
Your question makes no sense because jellyfish have no heart and do just fine. Sponges have no heart and also seem to survive.
9) The heart communicates with the brain in four different ways. No other organ can do this.
a) Neurological communication (nervous system)
b) Biophysical communication (pulse wave)
c) Biochemical communication (hormones)
d) Energetic communication (electromagnetic fields)
Neurologically (through the transmission of nerve impulses), biochemically (via hormones and neurotransmitters), bio-physically (through pressure waves) and energetically (through electromagnetic field interactions). Communication along all these conduits significantly affects the brain's activity. Moreover, our research shows that messages the heart sends the brain can also affect performance.
Reference and detailed research:
http://www.heartmath.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=51It is now believed that the reason our heart hurts when we lose someone near and dear to us is because the heart is directly connected to our emotions.
How and why did this organ evolve this ability?
Your reference does not seem to state that the heart hurts when we lose someone near to us. Your chest hurts when under stress because that is an muscular reaction to anxiety. Unless you can show some medical reasearch that indicates the heart is directly connected to our emotions, I am inclined to believe that this is not so. Your whole body reacts to stress...in some situations people lose control of their bladder or rectum. I would not say that this means the bladder or rectum are directly attached to our emotions.
10) While the infant is still in the mother's womb. There are two sources of blood flow. The mother's heart, and the infant heart. The problem with this is that one cannot conflict with the other. So the Creator inserted a special vein, that actually has a muscle, that connects both arteries.
This vein allows the heart to pump in parallel with the mother's heart. Problem is, it cannot stay open after being born. Infant would die with in minutes. So when doctor slaps the baby on the rear to make it cry, the lungs are used for the very first time. This enriching the blood with a high percent of oxygen. When this highly enriched oxygen reaches this special connecting vein, the muscle around it constricts it shut, and it heals being shut for the rest of the infant's life. This turns the heart from being a parallel pumping mechanism, to a non-parallel pumping mechanism that is required to sustain life from that point forward. But this is not all that happens....
When the vein closes, it creates a high and low pressure side to the heart. This higher blood pressure makes a flap close that is normally open for the first nine months (like a door closing by itself do to air pressure being different from with in a building compared to outside) on the back side of the heart. Which completes the process in which the heart now can operate on it's own. If the second process does not work, this creates a problem called a "hole in the heart". If not detected in time, baby can suffer complete heart failure in just a few weeks. If bad enough, baby can die with in a few hours. But there's even more...
When the infant heart is working in parallel with the mother's heart. The open flap inside the heart acts as a separating device for oxygenated, and unoxygenated blood. This is important because you don't want the two mixing which lowers oxygen percent in the blood that flows to the babies vital organs. There is two veins that supply both types of blood to this section of the heart. The unoxygenated supply is located right next to this flap. While the oxygenated is on the other side. So the exact positioning actually makes the oxygenated blood push the unoxygenated blood into another chamber, which is where it departs back into the mother to become oxygenated again.
This flap not being open, or being obstructed would reduce oxygen getting to the babies vital organs. Which would affect the development of the child in the womb.
This not working the very minute the heart evolved, along with a non-tiring heart muscle. Would ensure extinction of said species. So how did all these things evolve for the heart, and why?
Short answer: Because the babies that didn't have that ability never grew up to make babies of their own. The real source of the answer to this lies in the parts of the animal kingdom that are closely related to our common ancestors (in evolutionary theory). Do those animals have the same capabilities or limited amounts of those capabilities?
Added: What are we humans evolving into? In fact, if evolution is so predictable that we can tell where all life has come from. We should also be able to predict where all life is going in the evolution process as well. But guess what? There is not one model on even one life form where any future predictions of evolution even exist. So is evolution standing still? If not, where are the predictions?
Why do you think that seeing where something has been gives us the ability to tell where it is going to be? Also, this question implies that evolution has a "goal" or a direction. In reality, at this point in time, every extant organism is at the "peak" of the evolutionary tree. They're the ones that made it...the rest weren't "evolved" enough to make it. If the environment had been a little different at the right point in the past, then we might very well have big cats making cars instead of primates.
