Mike Adams did fine job (in particular pointing out the
meta-studies scam) as far as he went.To see how this "science to order" is produced on industrial scale these days, check a nice online book:
"Science Without Sense: The Risky Business of Public Health Research" by Steve Milloy, with chapter 6 on meta-studies
The Mixmaster Technique. Another good site taking trouble to debunk junk science scams 'du jour' is
"Number Watch".
Unfortunately, Mike Adams didn't address the principal sleight of hand of statistical "junk studies" -- the
leap from association to causation. For example if you look a population of "aspirin users" they will have on average more headaches than "aspirin non-users" i.e. technically "aspirin use" is a "risk factor" for headaches. Does that mean "aspirin use" causes headaches? Of course not. The remedy and the cause will statistically associate with diseases. In case of vitamins and natural remedies, that point is even more relevant since
those who tend to use remedies of any sort would tend to have more problems, which is why they seek remedies.
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Use of dietary supplements in Denmark is associated with health and former smokingKnudsen V.K.*; Rasmussen L.B.; Haraldsdóttir J.; Ovesen L.; Bülow I.; Knudsen N.; Jørgensen T.; Laurberg P.; Perrild H.Public Health Nutrition, Volume 5, Number 3, June 2002, pp. 463-468(6)Objectives: To describe the use of dietary supplements in a group of Danish adults and to investigate the differences between users and non-users with respect to age, gender, health and lifestyle factors.
Design: Cross-sectional study in two Danish cities.
Setting: The Danish Investigation on Iodine Intake and Thyroid Diseases, 1997–1998.
Subjects: Participants were 3707 women (selected age groups between 18 and 65 years) and 942 men (60–65 years). Participation rate was 50%. Supplement data were collected in a personal interview. Data on education, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, use of medication and self-perceived health were derived from a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis.
Results: Participants were asked about all kinds of supplements, ranging from products containing vitamins and minerals, to fish oils and products of herbal origin. On average 59% reported use of some kind of dietary supplement. Most common were combined multivitamin/mineral products (48%) followed by single vitamin C products (10%). Twelve per cent used three or more different supplements. Supplement use was strongly associated with age and gender, being highest among elderly women (78%). Ex-smokers were more likely to use supplements than subjects who had never smoked (odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.76).
Supplement use was more likely among subjects who had many days of illness ([/color][color:"red"]OR=
1.37[/color][color:"blue"], 95% CI 1.12–1.66) and among users of medication (OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.42). Subjects who perceived their health as poor were more likely to use supplements other than just a multivitamin/mineral tablet (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.31–3.77).
Conclusions: Use of dietary supplements was related to age, gender and smoking, but also to poor self-perceived health status and absence from work. This indicates that a group of
people use supplements as a form of self-medication.
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By technically labeling any statistical association association a "risk factor" or just "risk", by the time it gets into mass media, the junk science peddlers dupe most people unfamiliar with their techniques. This particular sleight of hand is covered in the Milloy's book, chapter two,
"2-4-6-8 What Can We Associate!".